Mouse models have been instrumental in understanding human disease biology and proposing possible new treatments. The precise control of the environment and genetic composition of mice allows more rigorous observations, but limits the generalizability and translatability of the results into human applications. In the era of precision medicine, strategies using mouse models have to be revisited to effectively emulate human populations. Systems genetics is one promising paradigm that may promote the transition to novel precision medicine strategies. Here, we review the state-of-the-art resources and discuss how mouse systems genetics helps to understand human diseases and to advance the development of precision medicine, with an emphasis on the existing resources and strategies. It is still unclear how genetic factors of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are implicated in the significant clinical heterogeneity ranging from intellectual disability (ID) to high-functioning profiles. Here, evidence from recent genetic studies encompassing common and rare variants are combined to suggest a genetic model that may explain the broad gradient of phenotypic severity observed in ASD. BACKGROUND The activity of hepatitis B virus (HBV) as a risk factor for the incidence and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) has not been clarified. AIM We evaluated the impact of infection with HBV on the risk of CKD in the general population. MATERIAL AND METHODS We carried out a systematic review of the published medical literature to assess whether a relationship between hepatitis B infection and an increased risk of CKD in the adult general population occurs. We adopted the random effects model of DerSimonian and Laird to provide a summary estimate of the risk of chronic kidney disease (defined by lowered glomerular filtration rate and/or detectable proteinuria) with HBV infection across the published studies. Meta-regression and stratified analyses were also performed. RESULTS We retrieved 33 studies (n=7,849,849 patients) published in 26 different articles, and separate meta-analyses were performed according to the outcome. Pooling results from cohort studies (11 studies, n=1,056,645 patients) demonstrated a relationship between positive HBV serologic status and increased incidence of CKD, the summary estimate for adjusted HR with HBV across the surveys, 1.40 (95% CI, 1.16-1.69) (P less then .001). Between-study heterogeneity was noted (Q value, 49.5, P less then .0001). No relationship between HBV and prevalence of CKD was noted in the subset of cross-sectional studies (10 studies; n=3,222,545 patients), adjusted OR, 1.04 (95% IC 0.90-1.218; P=.5). Meta-regression analysis reported a relationship between positive HBsAg status and incidence of CKD in the general population (P less then .015). CONCLUSIONS It appears that exposure to HBV infection seems to be associated with an increased risk of developing CKD in the adult general population. Studies aimed to understand the mechanisms responsible of such association are under way. Poor penetration and resultant low accumulation of nanomedicines in deep tumor tissues greatly reduce the chemotherapeutic efficiency. How to maximize the tumor accumulation is still a great challenge in the development of nanocarriers. Here, we developed a cyclic Arg-Gly-Asp-Phe-Lys peptide (cRGD) modified and near-infrared (NIR) light triggered disintegratable liposomal nanoplatform (PAM/Pt@IcLipo), where photosensitizer indocyanine green (ICG) was loaded in the out layer and polyamindoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers grafting cisplatin prodrug (PAM/Pt) were encapsulated inside. The cRGD ligands render the liposomes to target αvβ3 integrin receptors overexpressed by vascular endothelial cells in tumor tissues. Long blood circulation can be achieved owing to the relative large size (~162&nbsp;nm) of the liposomes. When irradiated by NIR light locally at tumor site, ICG heating detonated the thermosensitive liposomes to release the small sized PAM/Pt nanoparticles (~8.6&nbsp;nm), which were capable of penetrating into the deep tumor tissue. The in vivo results also showed that the PAM/Pt@IcLipo could significantly improve the penetration of cisplatin drug in deep tumor tissues under NIR light irradiation, resulting in an excellent antitumor activity. This nanoplatform solved the dilemma of long blood circulation of large sized nanoparticles and deep penetration of small sized nanoparticles, opening up a new strategy in the development of nanomedicines for cancer therapy. INTRODUCTION Ankle injuries are a common presentation to the paediatric emergency department (PED), accounting for approximately 2% of presentations.1 X-rays are ordered for 85-95% of patients but only 12% of x-rays reveal a fracture. Clinical prediction rules, such as The Low Risk Ankle Rule (LRAR) exist to help clinicians safely reduce the frequency of radiography in these injuries. The LRAR has been shown to reduce imaging by up to 60% without missing any clinically significant fractures. We sought to introduce The LRAR into our department and study its outcomes on our practice. AIMS To introduce the LRAR into our department and study its effects on our radiography rate and length of stay (LOS). METHODS An audit of x-ray rates in ankle injuries in 2016 was performed to determine our department's baseline rate of radiography and LOS. We then conducted education sessions and created x-ray ordering prompts to encourage clinicians to use the LRAR. We introduced the LRAR, with a pilot period initially, and gathered data prospectively. RESULTS 969 patients presented in with an ankle injury in 2016, 90.7% of these patients had an x-ray. The median LOS was 109&nbsp;min. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/GDC-0449.html 92 patients presented during&nbsp; the LRAR implementation period with an ankle injury. Nine patients had exclusion criteria from using the LRAR and the attending physician did not use the LRAR in four patients. Of the remaining 79 patients, 49 had a LRAR positive exam. Only one of these patients went on to have an x-ray, which was normal. The 30 patients with a LRAR negative exam all had an x-ray. Overall, our x-ray rate during the study period was 40/92 (43.4%), a reduction of 47.3%. The average LOS during the study was 101&nbsp;min. No clinically significant fractures were missed. CONCLUSION The LRAR can safely and effectively reduce the rate of radiography in ankle injuries, without missing any clinically significant fractures.